Deploy a robust local Kubernetes Cluster

Video Demonstration

A video demonstrating the manual process outlined on this page is available here. An updated video using the ansible playbooks is planned.

In some cases, a single-node cluster is insufficient for more complex testing scenarios. If you do not have access to a managed Kubernetes cluster and want something more similar to what you would find in a production environment, this guide can help.

This document describes deploying a multi-node cluster using ansible and the kubeadm utility, running under virtual machines. When completed, the cluster will consist of:

• 3 nodes, a master with two worker nodes (to conserve resources, the master will also be configured to run workloads)
• (At the time of this writing) Kubernetes 1.32.3 using the containerd runtime (no Docker installed)
• (Optional but recommended) Load balancer
• Block storage support for PVC/PV needed by some Ping products
• (Optional) Ingress controller (ingress-nginx)
• (Optional) Istio service mesh
• (Optional) supplementary tools for tracing and monitoring with Istio

Demo Use Only

While the result is a full Kubernetes installation, the instructions in this document only create an environment sufficient for testing and learning. The cluster is not intended for use in production environments.

ARM Architecture

The ansible playbooks for this guide assume the ARM chip set as found on the Apple M-series chip. If you are running on an Intel-based processor, you will have to adjust some file packages and names accordingly.

Prerequisites

In order to complete this guide, you will need:

• 64 GB of RAM (32 GB might be enough if you have an SSD to handle some memory swapping and reduce the RAM on the VMs to 12 GB)
• At least 150 GB of free disk
• Modern processor with multiple cores
• Ansible-playbook CLI tool. You can use brew by running brew install ansible or see the ansible site for instructions on how to install and configure this application.
• Virtualization solution. For this guide, VMware Fusion is used, but other means of creating and running a VM (Virtualbox, KVM) can be adapted.
• Access to Ubuntu Server 24.04.2 LTS installation media
• A working knowledge of Kubernetes, such as knowing how to port-forward, install objects using YAML files, and so on. Details on performing some actions will be omitted, and it is assumed the reader will know what to do.
• Patience

Virtual machines

First, create 3 VMs as described here, using a default installation of Ubuntu 24.04. For this guide, the user created was ubuntu. You can use any name with a password of your choice.

• 4 vCPU
• 16 GB RAM
• 2 disks: 80 GB disk for the primary / 60 GB as secondary
• Attached to a network that allows internet access (bridged or NAT), using a fixed IP address

IP Space

192.168.163.0/24 was the IP space used in this guide; adjust to your environment accordingly.

VM	Hostname	IP address
Master node	k8smaster	192.168.163.70
Worker	k8snode01	192.168.163.71
Worker	k8snode02	192.168.163.72

Preliminary Operating System setup

Perform these actions on all three VMs.

Install the Operating System

Install the operating system as default, using the first disk (80 GB) as the installation target. For this guide, the installation disk was formatted to use the entire disk as the root partition, without LVM support.

Create snapshot 'base-os'

Halt each VM by running sudo shutdown -h now.

Create a snapshot of each VM, naming it base-os. This snapshot provides a rollback point in case issues arise later. You will use snapshots at several other key points for the same purpose. After installation is complete, these intermediate snapshots can be removed.

Power up each VM set after taking the snapshots.

Prepare for using Ansible

Run on the host machine

This block of commands is executed on the host.

# Add the IP addresses to the local hosts file for convenience
sudo tee -a /etc/hosts >/dev/null <<-EOF
192.168.163.70 k8smaster
192.168.163.71 k8snode01
192.168.163.72 k8snode02
EOF

# Copy the SSH key you will use to access the VMs from your host machine to each VM
# See https://www.ssh.com/academy/ssh/keygen for instructions on generating an SSH key
# For this guide, the ed25519 algorithm was used
# Adjust the key name accordingly in the ssh-copy-id command

export TARGET_MACHINES=("k8smaster" "k8snode01" "k8snode02")

for machine in "${TARGET_MACHINES[@]}"; do
    echo "Copying key to $machine:"
    ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/localvms ubuntu@"$machine"
    echo "======================"
    echo "Confirming access.  You should not be prompted for a password and will be shown the hostname:"
    ssh -i ~/.ssh/localvms ubuntu@"$machine" 'hostname'
    echo
done

Sample output:

Copying key to k8smaster:
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/Users/davidross/.ssh/localvms.pub"
The authenticity of host 'k8smaster (192.168.163.70)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:qud9m1FRgwzJuwKcEsVVUbZ4bltYmiyKNj5e330ZQCA.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
ubuntu@k8smaster's password:

Number of key(s) added:        1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'ubuntu@k8smaster'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

======================
Confirming access.  You should not be prompted for a password and will be shown the hostname:
k8smaster

<The output above is repeated for each node.>

After installation and reboot, perform the basic configuration needed for ansible support on the VMs. The primary change required is to allow sudo commands without requiring a password:

Per-VM

Run these commands on each VM.

# Modify /etc/sudoers to allow the ubuntu user to sudo without a password
# This configuration grants the user full root access with no password
# DO NOT DO THIS IN PRODUCTION!

echo "ubuntu  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" | sudo tee -a /etc/sudoers

Configure Ansible Playbooks for your environment

At this point, you are ready to modify the ansible playbooks for creating your cluster.

1. If you have not already done so, clone the pingidentity-devops-getting-started repository to your local ${PING_IDENTITY_DEVOPS_HOME} directory.

   The ${PING_IDENTITY_DEVOPS_HOME} environment variable was set by running pingctl config.

   cd "${PING_IDENTITY_DEVOPS_HOME}"
   git clone \
     https://github.com/pingidentity/pingidentity-devops-getting-started.git
   

2. Navigate to the directory with the ansible scripts:

cd "${PING_IDENTITY_DEVOPS_HOME}"/pingidentity-devops-getting-started/99-helper-scripts/ansible

1. Modify the inventory.ini, ansible.cfg, install_kubernetes.yaml and install_list.yaml files accordingly to suit your environment:

The inventory.ini will need modification for your IP addresses, private key file, and user if one other than ubuntu was used:

[kubernetes_master]
k8smaster ansible_host=192.168.163.70

[kubernetes_nodes]
k8snode01 ansible_host=192.168.163.71
k8snode02 ansible_host=192.168.163.72

[all:vars]
ansible_user=ubuntu
ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/Users/davidross/.ssh/localvms
ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/bin/python3

The ansible.cfg file should not need any modification:

[defaults]
inventory = inventory.ini
host_key_checking = False

The install_kubernetes.yaml file will need the following changes to lines 11-13 if your IP address differs from this example:

 k8smaster_ip: "192.168.163.70"
 k8snode01_ip: "192.168.163.71"
 k8snode02_ip: "192.168.163.72"

Finally, update the install_list.yaml file. By default, no additional components are installed other than block storage, which is needed for some Ping products. To install other optional components, set the value to True. Note that helm is required to install the Ingress controller, and adding K9s, metallb and ingress will provide additional tools for the most production-like implementation:

---
helm: False
k9s: False
metallb: False
storage: True
ingress: False
istio: False
istioaddons: False
...

Run the first playbook

With the changes above, you are now ready to run the playbooks. First, run the install_kubernetes.yaml playbook to install Kubernetes.

ansible-playbook install_kubernetes.yaml -i inventory.ini

Idempotency

The playbook was designed to to be idempotent so you can run it multiple times if needed. An alternative is to reset to the base-os snapshot, update the sudoers file and run it again.

Sample output

PLAY [Install Kubernetes on all VMs] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode01]
ok: [k8snode02]

TASK [Gather architecture info] ***********************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode01]
ok: [k8snode02]

TASK [Update package cache] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode02]
ok: [k8snode01]

TASK [Upgrade all packages] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Add host file entries] **************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Add the br_netfilter kernel module and configure for load at boot] ******************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Add the overlay kernel module and configure for load at boot] ***********************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Creating kernel modules file to load at boot] ***************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]

TASK [Disable swap in fstab by commenting it out] *****************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Disable swap] ***********************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Enable IP forwarding for iptables] **************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Update sysctl parameters without reboot - bridge (ipv4)] ****************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Update sysctl parameters without reboot - bridge (ipv6)] ****************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Update sysctl parameters without reboot - IPforward] ********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Install containerd] *****************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=containerd)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=containerd)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=containerd)

TASK [Add Kubernetes APT key] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]

TASK [Create directory for containerd configuration file] *********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Check if containerd toml configuration file exists] *********************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode01]
ok: [k8snode02]

TASK [Create containerd configuration file if it does not exist] **************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Read config.toml file] **************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8snode01]
ok: [k8snode02]
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Check if correct containerd.runtimes.runc line exists] ******************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode01]
ok: [k8snode02]

TASK [Error out if the incorrect or missing containerd.runtimes.runc line does not exist] *************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]

TASK [Set SystemdCgroup line in file to true if it is currently false] ********************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Restart containerd service] *********************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]

TASK [Install prerequisites for Kubernetes] ***********************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=apt-transport-https)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=apt-transport-https)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=apt-transport-https)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=ca-certificates)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=ca-certificates)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=ca-certificates)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=curl)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=curl)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=curl)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=gnupg2)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=gnupg2)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=gnupg2)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=software-properties-common)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=software-properties-common)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=software-properties-common)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=bzip2)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=bzip2)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=bzip2)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=tar)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=tar)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=tar)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=vim)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=vim)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=vim)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=git)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=git)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=git)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=wget)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=wget)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=wget)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=net-tools)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=net-tools)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=net-tools)
ok: [k8snode02] => (item=lvm2)
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=lvm2)
ok: [k8snode01] => (item=lvm2)

TASK [Get Kubernetes package signing key] *************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Add Kubernetes APT repository] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Update package cache] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]
ok: [k8snode02]
ok: [k8snode01]

TASK [Install Kubernetes components] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=kubelet)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=kubelet)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=kubelet)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=kubeadm)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=kubeadm)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=kubeadm)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=kubectl)
changed: [k8snode01] => (item=kubectl)
changed: [k8snode02] => (item=kubectl)

TASK [Hold Kubernetes packages at current version] ****************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode01]
changed: [k8snode02]

TASK [Run kubeadm reset to ensure fresh start each time.] *********************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8snode01]

TASK [Remove any files from a previous installation attempt] ******************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01] => (item=/home/ubuntu/.kube)
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02] => (item=/home/ubuntu/.kube)
skipping: [k8snode02]
ok: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/.kube)

TASK [Initialize Kubernetes master] *******************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Check if k8s installation file exists] **********************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Fail if K8s installed file does not exist] ******************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]

TASK [Create .kube directory] *************************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Copy kubeconfig to user's home directory] *******************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Install Pod network] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove taint from master node] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Retrieve join command from master and run it on the nodes] **************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Join worker nodes to the cluster] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01] => (item=k8snode01)
skipping: [k8snode01] => (item=k8snode02)
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02] => (item=k8snode01)
skipping: [k8snode02] => (item=k8snode02)
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster -> k8snode01(192.168.163.71)] => (item=k8snode01)
changed: [k8smaster -> k8snode02(192.168.163.72)] => (item=k8snode02)

TASK [Pause for 5 seconds] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Pausing for 5 seconds
(ctrl+C then 'C' = continue early, ctrl+C then 'A' = abort)
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Confirm flannel pods are ready] *****************************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Run confirmation command by listing nodes] ******************************************************************************************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]
changed: [k8snode02 -> k8smaster(192.168.163.70)]
changed: [k8snode01 -> k8smaster(192.168.163.70)]

TASK [Nodes in the cluster] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster] => {
    "nodes_command_output.stdout_lines": [
        "NAME        STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION",
        "k8smaster   Ready    control-plane   36s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode01   Ready    <none>          25s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode02   Ready    <none>          24s   v1.32.3"
    ]
}
ok: [k8snode01] => {
    "nodes_command_output.stdout_lines": [
        "NAME        STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION",
        "k8smaster   Ready    control-plane   36s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode01   Ready    <none>          25s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode02   Ready    <none>          24s   v1.32.3"
    ]
}
ok: [k8snode02] => {
    "nodes_command_output.stdout_lines": [
        "NAME        STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION",
        "k8smaster   Ready    control-plane   36s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode01   Ready    <none>          25s   v1.32.3",
        "k8snode02   Ready    <none>          24s   v1.32.3"
    ]
}

TASK [Provide cluster connection information] *********************************************************************************************************************************************
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Cluster information for your .kube/config file] *************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [k8smaster] => {
    "msg": [
        "apiVersion: v1",
        "clusters:",
        "- cluster:",
        "    certificate-authority-data: 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",
        "    server: https://192.168.163.70:6443",
        "  name: kubernetes",
        "contexts:",
        "- context:",
        "    cluster: kubernetes",
        "    user: kubernetes-admin",
        "  name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes",
        "current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes",
        "kind: Config",
        "preferences: {}",
        "users:",
        "- name: kubernetes-admin",
        "  user:",
        "    client-certificate-data: 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",
        "    client-key-data: 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"
    ]
}
skipping: [k8snode01]
skipping: [k8snode02]

PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
k8smaster                  : ok=45   changed=33   unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=2    rescued=0    ignored=0
k8snode01                  : ok=32   changed=24   unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=14   rescued=0    ignored=0
k8snode02                  : ok=32   changed=24   unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=14   rescued=0    ignored=0

(Optional but recommended) Create snapshot 'k8s-installed'

Halt each VM by running sudo shutdown -h now.

Create a snapshot of each VM, naming it k8s-installed.

Power up each VM set after taking the snapshot.

Run the components playbook

Now that Kubernetes is installed, modify the install_list.yaml file accordingly to enable or disable the components that you want to install. After making changes, run the install_others.yaml playbook.

ansible-playbook install_others.yaml -i inventory.ini

Idempotency

The playbook was designed to to be idempotent so you can run it multiple times if needed. An alternative is to reset to the k8s-installed snapshot and run it again.

Monitor progress

After K9s is installed on the master, you can launch it in an SSH session and monitor the progress of the pods being instantiated while the playbook is running.

Sample output with everything enabled other than Istio and the Istio-addons

PLAY [Install Other Components in the Cluster] *********************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Get helm installation file] **********************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Extract helm] ************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove helm tarball and extracted folder] ********************************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/linux-amd64)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/helm-v3.12.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz)

TASK [Get K9s installation file] ***********************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Extract k9s] *************************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove k9s tarball] ******************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Get latest MetalLB version] **********************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Get MetalLB installer] ***************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Apply MetalLB file] ******************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Pause for 10 seconds] ****************************************************
Pausing for 10 seconds
(ctrl+C then 'C' = continue early, ctrl+C then 'A' = abort)
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Wait for MetalLB controller and speaker pods to be ready] ****************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=metallb)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=component=speaker)

TASK [Creating MetalLB configuration file] *************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Configure MetalLB] *******************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove MetalLB installation yaml files] **********************************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/ipaddress_pool_metal.yaml)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/metallb-native.yaml)

TASK [Install CertManager prerequisite] ****************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Check if rook directory exists] ******************************************
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove directory] ********************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Clone Rook repository] ***************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Install Rook controller] *************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Wait for Rook controller pod to be ready] ********************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Install Rook components] *************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Pause for 3 1/2 minutes - wait for Rook components to get started] *******
Pausing for 210 seconds
(ctrl+C then 'C' = continue early, ctrl+C then 'A' = abort)
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Confirm Rook cluster pods are ready] *************************************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=csi-cephfsplugin)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=csi-cephfsplugin-provisioner)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=csi-rbdplugin)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=rook-ceph-mgr)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=rook-ceph-mon)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=rook-ceph-crashcollector)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=csi-rbdplugin-provisioner)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=app=rook-ceph-osd)

TASK [Creating Block Storage class] ********************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Create block ceph storage class] *****************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Creating script to patch storage class (globbing and substitution hack)] ***
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Set storage class as default] ********************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove Rook installation files] ******************************************
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/rook)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/sc-ceph-block.yaml)
changed: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/patchsc.yaml)

TASK [Install Ingress Nginx] ***************************************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Pause for 5 seconds] *****************************************************
Pausing for 5 seconds
(ctrl+C then 'C' = continue early, ctrl+C then 'A' = abort)
ok: [k8smaster]

TASK [Confirm ingress controller pod is ready] *********************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Get Ingress service components for confirmation] *************************
changed: [k8smaster]

TASK [Ingress controller information] ******************************************
ok: [k8smaster] => {
    "msg": [
        "NAME                                 TYPE           CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP       PORT(S)                      AGE",
        "ingress-nginx-controller             LoadBalancer   10.101.36.117    192.168.163.151   80:30865/TCP,443:31410/TCP   31s",
        "ingress-nginx-controller-admission   ClusterIP      10.103.154.247   <none>            443/TCP                      31s"
    ]
}

TASK [Get 'istioctl' installation file] ****************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Extract istioctl] ********************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Install istio] ***********************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Pause for 5 seconds] *****************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Confirm Istio pods are ready] ********************************************
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=istiod) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=istio-ingressgateway) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=istio-egressgateway) 
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Install Istio add-ons] ***************************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Confirm Istio additional pods are ready] *********************************
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=grafana) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=jaeger) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=kiali) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app=prometheus) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=app.kubernetes.io/name=loki) 
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Creating patch file for services] ****************************************
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Patch istio add-on services to use load balancer] ************************
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=grafana) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=kiali) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=tracing) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=prometheus) 
skipping: [k8smaster]

TASK [Remove istio tarball and extracted folder] *******************************
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/istio-1.18.0) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/istio-1.18.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz) 
skipping: [k8smaster] => (item=/home/ubuntu/patch-service.yaml) 
skipping: [k8smaster]

PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************
k8smaster                  : ok=33   changed=27   unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=11   rescued=0    ignored=0   

Snapshot 'k8sComplete'

Shutdown the VMs, and snapshot each one. See the helper script in this repository located at 99-helper-scripts/manageCluster.sh that can be used for automating things under VMware.

At this time, your cluster is ready for use.

Resources & References

This guide was built on the work of others. As with many how-to documents, we have contributed our skills and knowledge to pull everything together and fill in the gaps that were experienced. However, we want to acknowledge at least some of the many sources where we found inspiration, guidance, fixes for errors, and sanity when a step was missed. Not shown here are dozens of places where we went in exploring different options for pieces we did not use or install in the end. the Ping DevOps Integrations team

• How to Deploy MetalLB on Kubernetes - ComputingForGeeks
• How To: Ubuntu / Debian Linux Regenerate OpenSSH Host Keys - nixCraft
• Block Storage Overview - Rook Ceph Documentation
• Toolbox - Rook Ceph Documentation
• Quickstart - Rook Ceph Documentation
• How To Install Kubernetes on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
• Containerd Github
• etcd-io Github issue #13670